Chapter 11 Review Questions Key
§11.1 - §11.3 Ecological & Cross-Sectional
Studies
- This is an aggregate-level measurement.
- Aggregation bias occurs when an association seen in
aggregate data does apply to the individual.
- The relationship was highly confounded. Persons at low elevation were more likely to draw their water from the
polluted sources.
-
(1) contextual variable (2) integral variable (3) contagion variable
- Here's one hypothesis: Larger hospitals may have more complete reporting..
- False. Longitudinal-ness depends on whether you can place
events in individuals over time. (The temporal relation between occurrence of
events and when they are measured is called proximity.)
- Notiones vulgares are crude unscientific personal beliefs
natural and social phenomena.
- High SES people with mental disorders may be more likely to be diagnosed
as neurotic; low SES people with mental disorder may be more likely to be
diagnosed as psychotic. Also...differences in reporting mechanisms (e.g.,
legal authorities vs. private providers).
-
(1) prevalence-incidence bias
(2) detection bias
(3) reverse-causality bias (cart-before-the-horse bias)
§11.4 Cohort Studies
- There is no long-term follow-up of individuals over time in the
open population.
- TB's long latent period required long-term follow-up of individuals,
as is case in studies of chronic
diseases.
- Framingham is a town in Massachusetts. We care because it is the seat of
an innovative cohort study that has yielded important findings about heart
disease.
- These are the two investigators primarily responsible for the British Doctors study.
- Data for prospective studies occur concurrently to the investigation.
Retrospective cohort studies are based on historical (nonconcurrent)
information.
§11.5 Case-Control Studies
- By studying only a subset of
non-cases.
- There will be about 10 cases per year. Therefore, it will take 10 years to
accrue 100 cases.
- The odds ratio
- The frequency of exposure in non-cases.
- (c) rate ratio
- 1
- True.