Note: There is no hypothesis test for confounding. The appraisal of confouding is based on judgement!
E/C relationship
C/D relationship
Computation:
> TABLES E C
> TABLES C D
If E & C are associated, and C is an independent risk factor for D, the potential for confounding is strong.
Compute adjusted measure of association (aMA^ ; e.g., Mantel-Haenszel summary measure of association) and compare to unadjusted (crude) measure of association ( cMA^)
Computation:
> TABLES E D C
Then, compare aMA^ to cMA^ -- a meaningful difference suggests a strong potential for confounding.