1. epi = upon; demos = the people; ology = to speak of (to study)
2. Definitions vary but each definition seems to include reference to "the study of," "disease and health-related conditions," and "populations and groups."
3. There
are, of course, many differences between epidemiology and clinical medicine.
One defining differences is the primary unit of concern. The primary unit of concern in
epidemiology is the group, while the primary unit of concern in clinical
medicine is the individual.
With respect to differences between epidemiology and public health,
"epidemiology is primarily a study of, while public health is
primarily a mission that is implemented through social action"
(Savitz et al., 1999).
4. (1) physical, (2) mental (3) social
5. See text
6. True.
7. Morris's seven uses: 1) historical study; 2) community diagnosis; 3) workings of health services; 4) individual chances; 5) complete the clinical picture; 6) identify syndromes; 7) search for causes
8. Community diagnosis aims to determine the incidence and prevalence of health related conditions in various populations.
9. The answer to this question can be debated. A good case can be made for item 7 (search for causes) as the primary groups for prevention.
1. Demographic transition: increased longevity, decreased fertility, aging of the population.
2. Epidemiology transition: decreases in acute and contagious diseases; increases in chronic and "life style" diseases.
3. Cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease; pneumonia and influenza
4. The population pyramid has become more square (less of a pyramid), with a larger percentage of the population shifting toward older age groups.
5. tobacco use, alcohol use, diet, high blood pressure, certain sexual practices
6. False
7. False
8. heart disease; cancer; stroke
9. True
10. True
11. True
1. The 19th century; the Epidemiological Society of London was established in 1850.
2. Hippocrates (400 BCE)
3. Measuring, sequencing, classifying, grouping, confirming, observing, formulating, questioning, identifying, generalizing, experimenting, testing, etc.
4. The cohort study compared cholera rates in exposed and nonexposed households. The case-control study compared characteristics of cholera cases and noncases.
5. The ecological study compared cholera mortality in regions. The cohort study compared rates in exposed and nonexposed individuals and households.
6. Matching: A = Syndenham B = Pott C = Graunt D = Fracastoro E = Salmon F = Pinel G = Louis H = Farr I = Snow