Denis Dutton
•	Died 2010:  was editor of Arts &                                         Letters Daily, taught at the University of Canterbury, New Zealand, directed Radio New Zealand, Inc. and edited Philosophy and Literature 

•	Dutton’s most recent book is The Art Instinct: Beauty, Pleasure and Human Evolution  (New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2009).
•	He also has a youtube video “A Darwinian Theory of Beauty” Nov. 10, 2010. http://www.ted.com animator: Andrew Park 
Salvator Rosa “Evening Landscape” 1640-1643

•	Dutton: Rosa painted this work to excite feelings developed by humans during the Pleistocene era about landscapes.  
•	“The Pleistocene is the epoch from 2.588 million to 12,000 years BC covering the world's recent period of repeated glaciations.”  Wikipedia. It is the period in which man evolved. 

•	"Artistic Crimes"  1983  from The Forger's Art
The concept of forgery is a touchstone of criticism, but it has been ignored.
•	Critics have praised forged works, but this makes them look ridiculous.
•	Since "the aesthetic object as perceived is no different after the revelation that it is forged" [a position opposed by Dutton] it is suspected that the work was not valued by critics for its “intrinsic aesthetic proprieties.”
Misrepresentation
•	There is a suspicion that the critics praised the work for the wrong reasons in the first place, i.e. because it was a work by a great artist.
•	I shall seek to discredit this view [i.e. the idea that the aesthetic object remains the same after revelation of forgery].
Skill Misrepresented
•	Smith listens to a performance of Liszt on a recording and thinks it a  “truly electric performance.”  But Jones responds that the engineers actually speeded it up, and Smith’s enthusiasm evaporates.  [So the skill of the performance was misrepresented.]

All arts are creative and all are performing arts.
•	The distinction between creative and performing arts has its uses: choreographer vs. dancer, for example.
•	But it should not lead us to fail to recognize that all arts are creative and that all arts are performing [arts] … that every work of art involves the element of performance. 
“Performance” means a human activity which stands in some sense complete in itself.
•	It also involves some sense of accomplishment, of achievement.
•	There are differing relations of artworks to their performance: for example, in dance, to perceive the object is to perceive the performance, whereas in painting the object of perception is representative of a human performance.
•	Still, the concept of performance is internal to our whole notion of art. [vs. Danto]
Forgeries
•	“[a] forgery is an artifact of one person which is intentionally attributed to another, usually with the purpose of turning a profit.”
•	Dictionary.com  one meaning:  “the production of a spurious work that is claimed to be genuine, as a coin, a painting, or the like.” 
•	What is wrong with forgeries is not only that they misattribute origin but that because they misrepresent origin they misrepresent achievement.
Forgeries are a subset of a wider class of misrepresented artistic performances:
•	in all arts there is always the possibility of misrepresenting achievement.
•	In the case of a recording engineer who artificially improves a piano performance Smith [member of the audience] has expectations about achievement which are not met.
•	Smith's experience of sound implies the experience of a performance, of something done in a certain way by a human being.
Artistic Achievement
•	The question "what has the artist achieved" is fundamental, not because of psychology, but because of the nature of the concept of art itself. 
•	Technological advances have altered what counts for achievement, but not the relevance of the concept of achievement.

•	Hans van Meegeren, who forged Vermeers: his achievement was considerable, but it is not that of a genius artist.

•	VermeerThe Music Lesson 
c. 1662-65 

•	The fawn (“Hertje”). One of Hans van Meegeren’s (1889-1947) best-known original drawings, 1921

•	Han van Meegeren, Nachtlokaal #2, 
ca. 1925. 
On left, Frans Hals, 1633
Malle Babbe, The Haarlem Witch, On right, Van Meegeren, 1935-6

Han van Meegeren's "The Disciples at Emmaus“ 1937 
Director and Chief Restorer of Museum admiring this work.

•	Dr. Abraham Bredius, Dutch Art Historian, about "Christ at Emmaus,"  "It is a wonderful moment in the life of a lover of art when he finds himself suddenly confronted with a hitherto unknown painting by a great master, untouched, on the original canvas, and without any restoration.... And what a picture! ...what we have here is a -- I am inclined to say -- the masterpiece of Johannes Vermeer of Delft!“ 1937 
“Christ and the Adulteress” by Van Meegeren, 1943

  “Essential Vermeer” website, Jonathan Janson 2001-2012, http://www.essentialvermeer.com/misc/van_meegeren.html  accessed 12/5/12

•	Herman Goring  (1893–1946) in SA-Gruppenfuhrer uniform, by H. Hoffmann, official portrait, 1935.
Van Meegeren at his trial

•	“During the trial of Han van Meegeren, which took place in 1947, the forger demonstrated the techniques he had used to create several convincing Vermeer forgeries. Before the court and under police guard, he painted his last ‘Vermeer,’ Jesus among the Doctors.” Wikipedia
Van Meegeren painted this in prison before to prove he had done the forgeries. 1945

Vermeer, “Woman reading a letter.”
Van Meegeren forgery

•	Van Meegeren two months before his death.

•	Van Meegeren
•	Man and Woman at a Spinet
•	65 x 53 cm, painted around 1935-36 

The Concept of Art
•	Thus the concept of art is constituted a priori of certain essential properties.
•	Reference to origins and achievement is one of these properties.
•	Those theorists who claim that it ought to make no difference to appreciation whether a work is forged or not attack the idea of art itself.
Works of art are the end-products of human activities.
•	Part of understanding a work of art is grasping what sort of achievement the work represents.
•	Understanding of the achievement takes us to origins:  who created it, the context of creation.  [vs. Bell]
•	This goes hand-in-hand with our interest in the work as visual, verbal, or aural surface. 
Extreme contextualism and Extreme Formalism
•	Extreme contextualism emphasizes origins at the expense of attention to formal properties.  
•	Extreme formalism and extreme contextualism are both forms of philistinism.

•	One view [associated with contextualism] is that if a work of art is a forgery then it must somehow be without value, even though its formal values remain unchanged.
•	Aestheticist philistinism [associated with formalism], however, says that it ought to make no difference whether it is a Vermeer or a van Meegeren.

The significant opposition is between correctly represented artistic performance and misrepresented artistic performance.
•	Challenge to his position:  what is really important is aesthetic experience of the sensuous surface.
•	But no one among serious lovers of art has such an experience [i.e. an experience just of a sensuous surface].
•	Hearing a performance is a matter [of interpretation]:  e.g. of hearing a virtuoso perform a dazzling interpretation.

•	When we learn that the achievement has been misrepresented it is not just a new fact but the work is no longer the same object.
•	[Is he really saying that the painting changes into something different because of something that happens in the perceiver?]
Some Paintings by Vermeer
•	Girl with a Pearl Earring 
c. 1665-1666 (120 Kb); Oil on canvas, 44.5 x 39 cm (17 1/2 x 15 3/8 in); Royal Cabinet of Paintings Mauritshuis, The Hague 

Compare!
The Milkmaid 
c. 1658-60 (150 Kb); Oil on canvas, 45.4 x 41 cm (17 7/8 x 16 1/8 in); Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam 

The Art of Painting 
c. 1666-73 (130 Kb); Oil on canvas, 130 x 110 cm; Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna 

Girl with a Red Hat 
c. 1666-1667 (120 Kb); Oil on wood, 23.2 x 18.1 cm; National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. 

Denis Dutton  “Art and Natural Selection” from The Art Instinct 2010

•	When applying evolution to the human mind and to cultural and artistic life the issues of design and purpose emerge again (as they did when creationism was taken seriously).
•	Are the arts in their various forms adaptations in their own right, or are they better understood as modern by-products of adaptations?